ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses COVID-19 in the context of patients with demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common CNS demyelinating disease, and SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with MS and other autoimmune demyelinating CNS disorders causes numerous concerns. As with other infectious diseases, COVID-19 may exacerbate pathology in patients with MS. Standard therapies for MS and immunosuppressive treatments for other CNS autoimmune disorders may pose unique risks during severe COVID-19. However, preliminary findings on SARS-CoV-2 infection suggest that some MS therapies may limit the aggressive immune response underlying severe COVID-19 complications. Furthermore, infection with SARS-CoV-2 may have the potential to trigger postinfection autoimmune disorders. Here we review the current understanding of COVID-19 in patients with MS and other CNS disorders and the impact of immunomodulatory therapies on these patients. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The concept of e-learning offers several benefits;however, the effective adoption of e-learning systems at higher education institutes (HEIs) is a relatively new concept and thus a challenging task. The current paper provides a comprehensive review of the extant literature on adopting e-learning systems at HEIs. Using the PRISMA search technique, owing to the widespread adoption of e-learning since 2005, the relevant articles published from 2005 to 2020 are selected. The paper identifies and puts forward the level of compatibility and readiness of students and teachers in adopting e-learning, factors that motivate and hinder the adoption of e-learning respectively, benefits of adopting an e-learning system, and the strategies for implementing e-learning at HEIs. In this realm of COVID-19 and e-learning, this paper also envisages different strategies, policies, and recommendations for effectively implementing e-learning at HEIs.